The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and the world. Their work helps shape sound policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
To meet the government's urgent need for an independent adviser on scientific matters, President Lincoln signed a congressional charter forming the <a href="http://www.nasonline.org/">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1863 to "investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science." As science began to play an ever-increasing role in national priorities and public life, the National Academy of Sciences eventually expanded to include the National Research Council in 1916, the <a href="https://www.nae.edu/">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 1964, and the <a href="https://nam.edu/">National Academy of Medicine</a>, which was established in 1970 as the Institute of Medicine.
<h3>Membership</h3>
Academy members are among the world's most distinguished scientists, engineers, physicians, and researchers; more than 300 members are Nobel laureates. Members are elected in recognition of outstanding achievements, and membership is considered a high honor. For those at the top of their field, membership in the Members of the National Academies reflects the height of professional achievement and commitment to service.